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Artificial Limbs

Innovators and Economic Impact

           Throughout many years, artificial limbs or prosthetic limbs have been through several developmental stages and new innovations have been created. The increase in amputees due to amputating illnesses or military veterans contributed to the increase in demand for innovation and new products. Biocompatibility has recently been added to help artificial limbs become more adaptable and functional enough to mimic the range of motion a non-amputee would be capable of.

           Research on integrating the human nervous system and artificial limbs is currently undertaking in companies such as: DARPA, Sandia National Laboratories, University of New Mexico, MIT, and MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston which can hopefully find the solution to biocompatibility between the mechanics of the limb and the nervous system. Sandia has created an interface scaffold using electrospun liquid polymers to create chains that form a fiber structure that provides electrical conductivity. Their basic idea was to create a connection between existing nerves and electronics with enough pores to let new nerves grow. This would then allow the limb to have the same sensory capability as a real limb. Although, this transplant is still years away from being fully developed for human testing, Sandia is just one of the many biotechnology companies to research the fusion of technology and the human nervous system.

 

           The Pentagon funds research at MIT for artificial limbs to be powered by spinal fluid. They have already created the brain implant section of the prosthetic but not a power that could be implanted by squeezing energy out of the patients spinal fluid. DARPA, who is partly funded by the Office of Naval Research, has a prototype using glucose that protects the neural tissues and to recharges limbs. As a result, limbs will no longer need to be recharged before and after daily use. The innovation was created and developed by Dr. Rahul Sarpeshkar, who continues to work on this prototype to this day.

           The need for better artificial limbs is due to the amputees returning from duty in Iraq and Afghanistan. This increase in amputees created the need for research in sensor microprocessor packed “intelligent” knees, thought controlled mechanical arms, and artificial hands with fingers that are able to grab hold of things. The researchers at the University of Arizona created and demonstrated a six inch robot controlled by the eyes and brain of a hawk moth. This helps with the development of neural implants that can control mechanical limbs. Charles M. Higgins, one of the associate professors of electrical engineering, concluded that, “There are still many unresolved issues with this idea, however, the demonstration is still a big leap in the right direction”. Others have tried one more complex brain implants on primates and non-invasive devices with electrode bypasses that send signals to muscles from the brain to control artificial limbs.

Another innovation was located in the University of California Santa Barbara in which took a look at how Humboldt squids could have such a hard weapon like a beak without harming itself. As they dedicated their time to research, they discovered the secret is the change in stiffness of the beak between a 3 inch span. This gave researchers the idea to create a way to make mechanics of artificial limbs gradient so they won’t harm the tissues in the human body. Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the squid that has non-antigenic properties so it won’t be seen as foreign and be rejected by the human body.

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